进入现代社会以来，在提及全球重大转型事件时，人口一直是被忽略的关键因素。从大英帝国的崛起到美国全球霸权的建立，从日本经济大萧条到中国经济腾飞，从阿拉伯之春到欧洲难民潮……这些现代化进程中的大事件，都可以从人口的角度给以全新的解读。 前工业革命时期，人口在数千年里一直保持低速增长；工业革命以后，人口在仅仅200年的时间里从10亿膨胀到70亿。以1800年为起点，全球人口经历过两次重大转型。第一次是以出生率高企、死亡率下降为特征的人口扩张，它始于英国，随后蔓延至包括俄国在内的整个欧洲，以及被欧洲征服和殖民的土地，最终撞上黑海海岸开始消退。人口扩张给欧洲带来了巨大的发展优势——不断增长的人口为工业革命持续补充年轻的劳动力，反过来，工业技术的进步和全球贸易的增长又进一步刺激了人口生产与海外迁移。 人口浪潮到达“潮头”之后，增速开始放缓。人们先是停止了兔子一样的繁殖过程，随后变得不再像蜉蝣那样短命。人口数量向人口质量的转变，直接影响就是预期寿命的增长。家庭规模从6～7个孩子降低到2个左右，人们不会再为生活所迫选择多生，从而使每个人都能得到更好的生活条件。从19世纪初到20世纪末，人口预期寿命从不到30岁增长到百岁以上。年轻的国家进入老龄化，开始遭遇各种复杂的社会问题，比如福利负担加重、老后破产、老年人在无人照料的情况下孤独死去。老龄化也会带来新的经济增长机遇，以日本为例，这个全球老龄化最严重的社会，一直在研发提供基本老年护理的机器人，它们可以陪伴甚至充当老人的宠物。 从现代社会起步至今，欧洲最先经历人口浪潮，也最先走向人口衰退；继欧洲之后，亚洲接起新一轮潮头全速翻涌；近几十年，这个地区也开始戏剧性地退潮。每一次潮头所至都会带来不一样的景象，从欧洲到北美再到亚洲，下一次将会怎样？《人口浪潮：人口变迁如何塑造现代世界》给了我们答案。书中指出，人口的未来将由3种颜色构成：更多的灰色（越来越多的老龄化社会）、更多的绿色（资源利用效率更高），以及更少的白色（非欧洲人口加速增长，越来越多的人移民到欧洲）。
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